repost, I am sure.....Recent Advances Targeting CC

repost, I am sure.....Recent Advances Targeting CCR5 for Cancer and Its Role in Immuno-Oncology

July 2019

Abstract Experiments of nature have revealed the peculiar importance of the G-protein–coupled receptor, C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), in human disease since ancient times.....

CCR5 is overexpressed in breast cancer (4, 5), gastric adenocarcinoma (24), prostate cancer (25), colorectal carcinoma (26, 27), melanoma (28), Hodgkin lymphoma (29), head and neck cancer (30), gastric cancer (31), esophageal cancer (32), pancreatic cancer (33), acute lymphocytic leukemia (33, 34), and other tumors (Fig. 1B). In analysis of >2,200 patients with breast cancer, >50% of patient's tumors were CCR5þ and >95% of triplenegative breast cancer (TNBC) were CCR5þ (4). Higher cytoplasmic CCR5 staining correlated with poor prognosis (5). CCR5 is induced by oncogenic transformation (Ha-Ras, c-Myc, ErbB2, and c-Src; ref. 4), DNA damage (5), and CCL5 stimulation. CCR5 receptor levels correlate with poor prognosis in breast cancer and gastric adenocarcinoma (5, 23, 24). Although CCR5 binds many ligands that are overexpressed in cancer, elevated levels of the ligand CCL5 (RANTES) indicate poor prognosis in breast cancer (35, 36), cervical cancer (36), prostate cancer (37), ovarian cancer (38), gastric cancer (23, 39), metastatic colorectal carcinoma response to regorafenib (40), and pancreatic cancer (33). Elevated level of CCL5 (RANTES) in tissues or plasma is indicative of unfavorable outcome in patients with melanoma, breast, cervical, prostate, gastric, or even pancreatic cancer (41–43).

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/ca...7.full.pdf