EV Revolution in Europe

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EV Revolution in Europe ....................................................



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Electric Vehicle revolution in Europe


All new cars in the EU will be zero-emission by 2035

https://www.npr.org/2023/03/30/1166921698/eu-...ssion-cars



Sales of electric cars in the EU broke records in 2022

https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/02/20/sale...is-leading



Electric vehicles: EU approves new law to add more chargers across Europe

https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/07/25/elec...oss-europe



Demands for lithium ion batteries is rising by 200 Gwh per year globally since 2020 and projected to reach 4700 Gwh in 2030

https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook...-batteries

https://www.consultancy.uk/news/35434/growing...-recycling



Critical raw materials: Securing the EU's supply and sovereignty

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-...overeignty



Parliament moves to bolster EU’s ‘strategic projects’ for critical minerals

https://www.euractiv.com/section/circular-eco...-minerals/



European Union moves to secure its critical mineral supply chain

https://www.soci.org/news/2023/9/european-uni...pply-chain



EU to set up central buying agency for critical minerals-draft law

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-set-u...023-03-07/



Global Battery Metals Announces Lithium Pegmatite Dike Swarm Drilled at the Leinster Lithium Project in Ireland

https://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/global-b...e-leinster



Will southeast Ireland be Europe’s next lithium district?

https://themarketherald.ca/will-southeast-ire...023-07-04/




The Periodic Table


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Chemistry of Lithium


Lithium is an alkali metal with the atomic number = 3 and an atomic mass of 6.941 grams/mole. This means that lithium has 3 protons, 3 electrons and 4 neutrons (6.941 - 3 = ~4). One mole contains 6.022 x 10 to the power 23 atoms.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorg...203%20%3D%


Lithium ion batteries versus sodium ion batteries

https://www.dnkpower.com/will-sodium-batterie...%20storage

https://batteriesnews.com/sodium-ion-batterie...ast%20year


Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL), a global leader in lithium-ion battery development and manufacturing, is committed to providing premier solutions and services for new energy applications worldwide.

https://www.catl.com/en/




Pegmatite and spodumene


What is pegmatite

Pegmatite is a common plutonic rock, of variable texture and coarseness, that is composed of interlocking crystals of widely different sizes. The most spectacular pegmatites contain abnormally large crystals mixed with medium and smaller crystals. Crystals up to many meters long have been reported. Some pegmatite may be thousands of meters in length and hundreds of meters thick, some appear as dikes, veins, or sills. Pegmatites may be composed of a variety of minerals. Terms such as spodumene pegmatite, granite pegmatite, gabbro pegmatite, syenite pegmatite.

Pegmatite is granite-like rock that isn’t very useful on its own but houses some very precious minerals and elements such as lithium, spodumene, cesium, rare earth elements, tantalum, niobium, and many gemstones including apatite, aquamarine, emerald, garnet, topaz, tourmaline, zircon, scapolite, beryl, apatite, fluorite and zircon. Gem quality stones and elements such as tungsten, boron, tantalum, columbium, bismuth, tin, uranium, radium, sheet mica, and sulfide minerals are found in pegmatite.


Images of Pegmatite

https://www.google.ca/search?sxsrf=AJOqlzXZec...&dpr=1


Pegmatite dyke

https://epod.usra.edu/blog/2010/04/pegmatite-...%20Pangaea


What is spodumene

Spodumene is a pyroxene mineral consisting of lithium aluminium inosilicate ( Chemical formula LiAl(SiO3)2 or LIAlSi2O6 ), it is a source of lithium. It occurs as colorless to yellowish, purplish, or lilac kunzite, yellowish-green or emerald-green hiddenite, prismatic crystals, often of great size. Single crystals of 14.3 m (47 ft) in size are reported.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodumene


Images of spodumene

https://www.google.ca/search?sxsrf=AJOqlzWku7...&dpr=1


Spodumene pegmatite is plutonic rock with spodumene embedded in it.

Image of spodumene pegmatite

https://www.google.ca/search?q=spodumene+pegm...p;biw=1024




Why James Bay, Ireland and Newfoundland have similar spodumene pegmatites


The area’s granitic rock from the Paleozoic era is part of a larger Appalachian-Caledonian belt that extends from the Ireland and the UK, through Newfoundland and into the eastern US. Included in this suture zone are the important lithium deposits held by Ganfeng Lithium/International Lithium Corp. Blackstairs Lithium Project in Ireland, as well as by Piedmont Lithium Inc. in the Carolinas, US.


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How continents, hardrock lithium were formed

About 300-200 million years ago the continent we now know as North America was contiguous with Africa, South America, and Europe. Canada's James Bay, Greenland, Newfoundland and Great Britain were once contiguous. They all existed as a single continent called Pangaea. Magma from the interior of the Earth carrying precious and base metals protruded into the Earth's crust forming pegmatites. Since lithium is chemically very active, elemental lithium does not exists, rather, it formed numerous lithium minerals, lithium salts and lithium compounds. Mineral such as spodumene found in pegmatites is a pyroxene mineral consisting of lithium aluminium inosilicate (chemical formula LiAl2SiO6). As the Pangaea splitted into continents and as continents gradually drifted far apart, those spodumene pegmatites were distributed all around the world, but the characteristics and signatures of their existence remain the same anywhere they are found. As Pangaea broke up, Europe started drifting away from North America, taking the lithium mineralizations with it and deposited along the stretched Appalachian-Caledonian granitic rock belt. Newfoundland is not just an island filled with fishing ports, it may be hidden with LCT pegmatite and spodumene pegmatite similar to that in Ireland with long intervals of 3.75% lithium, waiting to be discovered while Ireland still has the potential of hosting PMET style multiple LCT/Spodumene pegmatites with long intervals of high grade lithium.




Drill core assays of Sokoman-Benton joint venture's Golden Hope project, Newfoundland


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Drill core assays of Patriot Battery Metals in James Bay, Quebec


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Drill core assays of Global Battery Metals in Leinster, Ireland is pending


Display from Twitter.com:


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