While we wait, allow me to draw a line in history from the AMY1 mutation that allowed humans to first consume and digest starches, particularly cooked tubers in Africa and rice in China which through agriculture, and animal domestication, would allow for civilization to begin.
Allow the line to continue through history to the horse milk drinking Mongols that would adapt to tolerate lactose, or at least ferment cheese and yogurt to digest and thus were able to ride their meals into battle and defeat the Chinese starch eating armies dragging large wagons of rice everywhere.
And then allow the line to continue to show how the superior Mongols and their ownership of East/West trade routes along the Silk Road to Crimea and Italy to take a horrible Black Death with them out of the starch born civilizations of China’s densely populated cities. BTW, that virus too probably was humanized from livestock.
And then allow one further indulgence, that the survivors of the Black Death are how we know the delta32 allele means Leronlimab’s ability to occupy CCR5 mimicking that mutation will make us all wealthier than Ghengis Kahn. Although it’s reported he had hundreds of offspring. Damn horse milk.
Full circle.
“Published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, researchers from the University of Sydney conducted the first large-scale, systematic analysis of the influence of AMY1 copy numbers on 201 healthy participants during four linked experiments.
People with more copies of the AMY1 gene -- and corresponding higher concentrations of the amylase enzyme in their saliva -- were found to digest starchy carbohydrates faster.
They also displayed a higher blood glucose response to foods containing starch such as bread and pasta, but not sugary foods. As sugary foods shouldn't be digested by amylase, the lack of an association indicates the difference in starch digestion observed was due to differences in the enzyme and therefore differences in the number of copies of the gene.
Lead author Dr Fiona Atkinson from the University's Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Science, explained the findings were significant for better understanding of human evolutionary biology.
"The wide variation in the number of copies of the AMY1 in humans is not found in other primates," Dr Atkinson said.
"There has been speculation it could represent an adaptation to the influence of diet during human evolution -- perhaps associated with the shift from the low starch diet of hunter-gatherers to the high starch diets of Neolithic farmers.
"It's also possible individuals with high numbers of copies of the gene had an advantage at certain times during human evolution. If, as has been argued, consumption of carbohydrates -- particularly starch -- aided accelerated expansion of the human brain, then higher levels of glucose in mothers' blood during pregnancy may have supported the increasingly large brain and higher body fat of human infants compared to other primates."
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10...095432.htm
“The Mongol army rode its food, in essence. The horse was not only the fundamental equipment of the Mongol army, but along with providing quick transport for its soldiers and an edge in battle, the Mongol horse was also a walking drinking fountain. A single Mongol soldier had multiple horses, not just to switch between when one needed rest, but also for nourishment. Genghis Khan’s on-the-go Mongol army had the fermented milk of their horses for their staple wartime food. Not only did this free up the majority of Mongol horses from being pack animals, it also strengthened their troops. Milk is rich in sugar, calcium, protein, and fat. All of these are important in active bodies. Sugar and fat are great sources of energy, while calcium strengthens bones and protein, muscles. Lactose sugar is a long-lasting source of energy. The Mongol soldier was fit and strong from his milk diet.
Meanwhile, the Chinese army was structured around its soldiers’ diet of starches. Per-person, when compared to the Mongols, one Chinese soldier cost a greater amount of food, because the diet of the Chinese army was less nutrient-dense. Starch provides a great source of short-term energy, although the energy from starch burns quickly. Agriculture led to a growth in human population because the energy yields from one acre of farmed land are superior to one acre of hunted-or-gathered land, but it comes at the cost of a less nutritious diet. The agricultural population has more, less-healthy people. Instead of being used as transport for soldiers, horses in the Chinese army were forced to be pack animals to carry the heavy burden of food necessary to sustain the troops, leaving soldiers tired from long marches, and less-fit because of a nutrient-poor military diet of starches.”
https://barbariansatthegates.tumblr.com/post/...ilk-on-the
““…In 1346, in the countries of the East, countless numbers of Tartars and Saracens were struck down by a mysterious illness which brought sudden death. Within these countries broad regions, far-spreading provinces, magnificent kingdoms, cities, towns and settlements, ground down by illness and devoured by dreadful death, were soon stripped of their inhabitants. An eastern settlement under the rule of the Tartars called Tana, which lay to the north of Constantinople and was much frequented by Italian merchants, was totally abandoned after an incident there which led to its being besieged and attacked by hordes of Tartars who gathered in a short space of time. The Christian merchants, who had been driven out by force, were so terrified of the power of the Tartars that, to save themselves and their belongings, they fled in an armed ship to Caffa, a settlement in the same part of the world which had been founded long ago by the Genoese.
“Oh God! See how the heathen Tartar races, pouring together from all sides, suddenly invested the city of Caffa and besieged the trapped Christians there for almost three years. There, hemmed in by an immense army, they could hardly draw breath, although food could be shipped in, which offered them some hope. But behold, the whole army was affected by a disease which overran the Tartars and killed thousands upon thousands every day. It was as though arrows were raining down from heaven to strike and crush the Tartars’ arrogance. All medical advice and attention was useless; the Tartars died as soon as the signs of disease appeared on their bodies: swellings in the armpit or groin caused by coagulating humours, followed by a putrid fever.
“The dying Tartars, stunned and stupefied by the immensity of the disaster brought about by the disease, and realizing that they had no hope of escape, lost interest in the siege. But they ordered corpses to be placed in catapults1 and lobbed into the city in the hope that the intolerable stench would kill everyone inside.2 What seemed like mountains of dead were thrown into the city, and the Christians could not hide or flee or escape from them, although they dumped as many of the bodies as they could in the sea. And soon the rotting corpses tainted the air and poisoned the water supply, and the stench was so overwhelming that hardly one in several thousand was in a position to flee the remains of the Tartar army. Moreover one infected man could carry the poison to others, and infect people and places with the disease by look alone. No one knew, or could discover, a means of defense.
“Thus almost everyone who had been in the East, or in the regions to the south and north, fell victim to sudden death after contracting this pestilential disease, as if struck by a lethal arrow which raised a tumor on their bodies. The scale of the mortality and the form which it took persuaded those who lived, weeping and lamenting, through the bitter events of 1346 to 1348—the Chinese, Indians, Persians, Medes, Kurds, Armenians, Cilicians, Georgians, Mesopotamians, Nubians, Ethiopians, Turks, Egyptians, Arabs, Saracens and Greeks (for almost all the East has been affected)—that the last judgement had come.
“…As it happened, among those who escaped from Caffa by boat were a few sailors who had been infected with the poisonous disease. Some boats were bound for Genoa, others went to Venice and to other Christian areas. When the sailors reached these places and mixed with the people there, it was as if they had brought evil spirits with them: every city, every settlement, every place was poisoned by the contagious pestilence, and their inhabitants, both men and women, died suddenly. And when one person had contracted the illness, he poisoned his whole family even as he fell and died, so that those preparing to bury his body were seized by death in the same way. Thus death entered through the windows, and as cities and towns were depopulated their inhabitants mourned their dead neighbours.”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732530/
Recipes are history. Inside joke…if you read this far…you already get it. GLTA.
Allow the line to continue through history to the horse milk drinking Mongols that would adapt to tolerate lactose, or at least ferment cheese and yogurt to digest and thus were able to ride their meals into battle and defeat the Chinese starch eating armies dragging large wagons of rice everywhere.
And then allow the line to continue to show how the superior Mongols and their ownership of East/West trade routes along the Silk Road to Crimea and Italy to take a horrible Black Death with them out of the starch born civilizations of China’s densely populated cities. BTW, that virus too probably was humanized from livestock.
And then allow one further indulgence, that the survivors of the Black Death are how we know the delta32 allele means Leronlimab’s ability to occupy CCR5 mimicking that mutation will make us all wealthier than Ghengis Kahn. Although it’s reported he had hundreds of offspring. Damn horse milk.
Full circle.
“Published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, researchers from the University of Sydney conducted the first large-scale, systematic analysis of the influence of AMY1 copy numbers on 201 healthy participants during four linked experiments.
People with more copies of the AMY1 gene -- and corresponding higher concentrations of the amylase enzyme in their saliva -- were found to digest starchy carbohydrates faster.
They also displayed a higher blood glucose response to foods containing starch such as bread and pasta, but not sugary foods. As sugary foods shouldn't be digested by amylase, the lack of an association indicates the difference in starch digestion observed was due to differences in the enzyme and therefore differences in the number of copies of the gene.
Lead author Dr Fiona Atkinson from the University's Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Science, explained the findings were significant for better understanding of human evolutionary biology.
"The wide variation in the number of copies of the AMY1 in humans is not found in other primates," Dr Atkinson said.
"There has been speculation it could represent an adaptation to the influence of diet during human evolution -- perhaps associated with the shift from the low starch diet of hunter-gatherers to the high starch diets of Neolithic farmers.
"It's also possible individuals with high numbers of copies of the gene had an advantage at certain times during human evolution. If, as has been argued, consumption of carbohydrates -- particularly starch -- aided accelerated expansion of the human brain, then higher levels of glucose in mothers' blood during pregnancy may have supported the increasingly large brain and higher body fat of human infants compared to other primates."
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10...095432.htm
“The Mongol army rode its food, in essence. The horse was not only the fundamental equipment of the Mongol army, but along with providing quick transport for its soldiers and an edge in battle, the Mongol horse was also a walking drinking fountain. A single Mongol soldier had multiple horses, not just to switch between when one needed rest, but also for nourishment. Genghis Khan’s on-the-go Mongol army had the fermented milk of their horses for their staple wartime food. Not only did this free up the majority of Mongol horses from being pack animals, it also strengthened their troops. Milk is rich in sugar, calcium, protein, and fat. All of these are important in active bodies. Sugar and fat are great sources of energy, while calcium strengthens bones and protein, muscles. Lactose sugar is a long-lasting source of energy. The Mongol soldier was fit and strong from his milk diet.
Meanwhile, the Chinese army was structured around its soldiers’ diet of starches. Per-person, when compared to the Mongols, one Chinese soldier cost a greater amount of food, because the diet of the Chinese army was less nutrient-dense. Starch provides a great source of short-term energy, although the energy from starch burns quickly. Agriculture led to a growth in human population because the energy yields from one acre of farmed land are superior to one acre of hunted-or-gathered land, but it comes at the cost of a less nutritious diet. The agricultural population has more, less-healthy people. Instead of being used as transport for soldiers, horses in the Chinese army were forced to be pack animals to carry the heavy burden of food necessary to sustain the troops, leaving soldiers tired from long marches, and less-fit because of a nutrient-poor military diet of starches.”
https://barbariansatthegates.tumblr.com/post/...ilk-on-the
““…In 1346, in the countries of the East, countless numbers of Tartars and Saracens were struck down by a mysterious illness which brought sudden death. Within these countries broad regions, far-spreading provinces, magnificent kingdoms, cities, towns and settlements, ground down by illness and devoured by dreadful death, were soon stripped of their inhabitants. An eastern settlement under the rule of the Tartars called Tana, which lay to the north of Constantinople and was much frequented by Italian merchants, was totally abandoned after an incident there which led to its being besieged and attacked by hordes of Tartars who gathered in a short space of time. The Christian merchants, who had been driven out by force, were so terrified of the power of the Tartars that, to save themselves and their belongings, they fled in an armed ship to Caffa, a settlement in the same part of the world which had been founded long ago by the Genoese.
“Oh God! See how the heathen Tartar races, pouring together from all sides, suddenly invested the city of Caffa and besieged the trapped Christians there for almost three years. There, hemmed in by an immense army, they could hardly draw breath, although food could be shipped in, which offered them some hope. But behold, the whole army was affected by a disease which overran the Tartars and killed thousands upon thousands every day. It was as though arrows were raining down from heaven to strike and crush the Tartars’ arrogance. All medical advice and attention was useless; the Tartars died as soon as the signs of disease appeared on their bodies: swellings in the armpit or groin caused by coagulating humours, followed by a putrid fever.
“The dying Tartars, stunned and stupefied by the immensity of the disaster brought about by the disease, and realizing that they had no hope of escape, lost interest in the siege. But they ordered corpses to be placed in catapults1 and lobbed into the city in the hope that the intolerable stench would kill everyone inside.2 What seemed like mountains of dead were thrown into the city, and the Christians could not hide or flee or escape from them, although they dumped as many of the bodies as they could in the sea. And soon the rotting corpses tainted the air and poisoned the water supply, and the stench was so overwhelming that hardly one in several thousand was in a position to flee the remains of the Tartar army. Moreover one infected man could carry the poison to others, and infect people and places with the disease by look alone. No one knew, or could discover, a means of defense.
“Thus almost everyone who had been in the East, or in the regions to the south and north, fell victim to sudden death after contracting this pestilential disease, as if struck by a lethal arrow which raised a tumor on their bodies. The scale of the mortality and the form which it took persuaded those who lived, weeping and lamenting, through the bitter events of 1346 to 1348—the Chinese, Indians, Persians, Medes, Kurds, Armenians, Cilicians, Georgians, Mesopotamians, Nubians, Ethiopians, Turks, Egyptians, Arabs, Saracens and Greeks (for almost all the East has been affected)—that the last judgement had come.
“…As it happened, among those who escaped from Caffa by boat were a few sailors who had been infected with the poisonous disease. Some boats were bound for Genoa, others went to Venice and to other Christian areas. When the sailors reached these places and mixed with the people there, it was as if they had brought evil spirits with them: every city, every settlement, every place was poisoned by the contagious pestilence, and their inhabitants, both men and women, died suddenly. And when one person had contracted the illness, he poisoned his whole family even as he fell and died, so that those preparing to bury his body were seized by death in the same way. Thus death entered through the windows, and as cities and towns were depopulated their inhabitants mourned their dead neighbours.”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732530/
Recipes are history. Inside joke…if you read this far…you already get it. GLTA.
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