Among various light-emitting devices, colloidal qu

Among various light-emitting devices, colloidal quantum dot LEDs (QLEDs) have attracted great attention as next-generation displays based on electroluminescence (EL)16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Quantum dots (QDs) have unique optoelectronic properties24, 25, such as the colour tunability26, 27, 28, 29, narrow emission spectra30, high quantum yield31 and photo/air stability32. Additional advantages include printability on various substrates33, 34, ultra-thin active layers35 and high luminescence at low operating voltages in QLEDs36, 37, 38. However, previously reported QLEDs are not suitable for wearable displays because they are not deformable in multiple directions. In addition, for full-colour wearable QLED displays, the red–green–blue (RGB) subpixels should be precisely aligned with high resolution, which cannot be realized by the conventional solution processes39, 40. Dry transfer printing provides an effective route to fabricate pixelated RGB QD films over a large area, but the previous printing methods41, 42, 43, 44 using structured stamps have severe discrepancies between the original designs and the resulting pixel shapes, particularly in high-definition designs.