Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and ActiPatch are distinct approaches to stimulating the vagus nerve, with VNS being an implanted device that delivers electrical pulses and ActiPatch being a topical device using high-frequency electromagnetic waves. VNS is primarily used for treating conditions like refractory epilepsy and depression, while ActiPatch is an over-the-counter device for chronic pain management.

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS):
Mechanism: VNS involves implanting a device near the collarbone and connecting it to the vagus nerve. The device delivers electrical pulses to the vagus nerve, which then transmits signals to the brain.
Applications: VNS is approved for treating refractory epilepsy and depression. It is also being investigated for other conditions like autoimmune diseases and heart failure.
Delivery: The stimulation is achieved through a surgically implanted device.

ActiPatch:
Mechanism:
ActiPatch uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to stimulate nerves and modulate pain signals.

Applications:
ActiPatch is commercially available as an over-the-counter device for managing chronic pain.

Delivery:
ActiPatch is a topical device that is applied to the skin over the area of pain.

Key Differences:
Implantation:
VNS requires surgical implantation of a device, while ActiPatch is a topical device.

Mechanism of Action:
VNS uses electrical pulses, while ActiPatch uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves.
FDA Approval:
VNS is approved for specific conditions (refractory epilepsy and depression), while ActiPatch is an over-the-counter device for pain management.