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FUD (fear, uncertainty, and doubt) is considered a stock manipulation tactic:

Definition
FUD is a tactic used to manipulate investor emotions and create a negative sentiment about a market or asset. It can involve spreading rumors, false news, or other information to cause panic and lead people to sell assets at a loss.

Examples
For example, short-sellers may use FUD to drive down a stock's price. In the cryptocurrency market, FUD can be used to manipulate prices or to create general skepticism about the asset class.

Consequences
FUD can lead to impulsive decisions that investors may later regret. For example, investors may sell assets when prices drop, only to miss out on a later rebound.

How to protect yourself
Investors can protect themselves from FUD by staying informed, following trustworthy guidance, and taking a measured approach to potential investments.

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A false narrative for a public company is a misleading or incorrect presentation of information about the company that can cause reputational damage, financial losses, and operational disruptions.

False narratives can be created intentionally or unintentionally by a variety of actors, including:

Competitors: May create false narratives to gain an advantage over a competitor

Cyber criminals: May create false narratives to manipulate public perception

State-sponsored entities: May create false narratives to further their own interests

Social media: Can be used to spread false narratives quickly and easily

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